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Nursing Foundation notes — free quick revision guide
High-yield nursing foundation points for GNM, BSc Nursing, NORCET, AIIMS and ESIC preparation. Read them free here, or get all 600+ pages across every subject in the complete notebook.
Normal vital sign ranges (adult)
- Temperature: 36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F)
- Pulse: 60–100 beats per minute, regular rhythm
- Respiration: 12–20 breaths per minute
- Blood pressure: around 120/80 mmHg
- SpO2: 95–100% on room air
The five steps of the nursing process (ADPIE)
- Assessment — collect subjective and objective data
- Diagnosis — state the actual or risk nursing diagnosis
- Planning — set SMART, patient-centred goals
- Implementation — carry out nursing interventions
- Evaluation — check whether goals were met and revise
Infection control essentials
- Hand hygiene: WHO 5 moments, 6 steps, 20–30 seconds with rub
- Standard precautions apply to every patient, every time
- Airborne: N95 + negative pressure room (TB, measles, varicella)
- Droplet: surgical mask within 1 metre (influenza, mumps, pertussis)
- Contact: gown and gloves (MRSA, C. difficile, scabies)
Patient positions you must know
- Fowler's — dyspnoea, feeding, after chest surgery
- Trendelenburg — shock (used cautiously), central line insertion
- Left lateral (Sims') — enema, rectal exam, pregnancy comfort
- Prone — ARDS oxygenation, post lumbar puncture care varies
- Lithotomy — vaginal exam, delivery, perineal procedures
Injection and IV quick facts
- IM deltoid: up to 1 mL; ventrogluteal: up to 3 mL
- Subcutaneous: 45–90° angle, 0.5–1 mL, rotate sites
- Intradermal: 10–15° bevel up, 0.1 mL, form a bleb
- Drop factor formula: (volume × drop factor) ÷ time in minutes
- Check the 10 rights before every medication administration
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